TNF and Obesity: During obesity, adipose tissue is characterized by a chronic inflammatory state, through the release of numerous proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) as the factors largely responsible for insulin resistance in obese adipose tissue combined with aging-related skeletal muscle loss [15].