Further understanding of the cellular and molecular conditions that facilitate pathogenic versus regulatory immune responses to Hsp65 would pave the way for harnessing the immunomodulatory attributes of Hsp65 for therapeutic purposes in human diseases, as exemplified by the use of p277 of self-Hsp60 in human type 1 diabetes (45). This evidence concerns the gene HSPD1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.