TNF and infection: In order to investigate the effect of short-term heat shock on HSP70 expression in H5N1-infected mice, we detected the expression of HSP70 as well as cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-β, and IFN-γ with real-time PCR, western blot, and ELISA at Days 0, 1, 3, and 6 post-infection.