GCG and Insulin resistance: Remely et al. evaluated the impact of intestinal dysbiosis on the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely, TLRs 2 and 4 in three groups of subjects: subjects with T2DM receiving glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist therapy, obese subjects without established insulin resistance, and a lean normative control group (12).