Common genetic defects in insulin signaling are suggested to contribute to PCOS heritability (101, 102), and cellular studies reveal abnormalities in insulin-mediated insulin receptor autophosphorylation, IRS expression, PI3-kinase activation, GLUT4 expression, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and skeletal muscle from women with PCOS (103–107). The gene discussed is IARS1; the disease is polycystic ovary syndrome.