In a retrospective cohort study by Grotz et al. [47], adjuvant GM-CSF use was not associated with a significant difference in disease-free or melanoma-specific survival (MSS); however, within a subgroup of patients with stage IIIC disease, a 52 % lower melanoma-specific mortality was reported in individuals receiving GM-CSF than in those who were under observation only (hazard ratio 0.48; P = 0.02). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is melanoma.