Overall, GM-CSF in combination with peptide vaccines appears insufficient to induce an immune response that correlates with anti-tumor activity, whereas GM-CSF in combination with chemotherapy [56, 58, 59], autologous melanoma cell vaccine [66], ipilimumab [49] or recombinant vaccinia virus [65] has shown induction of immune responses, together with evidence of some clinical activity, suggesting that use of GM-CSF may be beneficial in combination with agents that stimulate the immune system sufficiently to attack tumor cells. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and melanoma.