TNF and tuberculosis: For example, PPD-specific CD4 T- cells that were IFN-γ+TNF-α+MIP-1β+ and TNF-α+MIP-1β+ decreased in our TB cohort (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively), while PPD-specific CD4 T-cells that were IFN-γ+MIP-1β+ and MIP-1β+-only decreased in our HIV-TB cohort (p = 0.05 and p = 0.006, respectively).