AR and prostate cancer: The clinical significance of aberrant AR activity in the development and progression of human prostate cancers is underscored by the current therapeutic treatment modalities (i.e. the use of androgen deprivation therapies; second-generation anti-androgens, such as enzalutamide; and inhibitors of steroidogenesis, such as abiraterone), which target the AR signaling axis to disrupt aberrant AR activity in early and late stage human prostate cancers (9).