Of particular note are observations that human IL-1 is elevated in cerebrospinal fluid derived from patients with brain injury [63], and the increased levels reported within brain lesions from patients with Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and HIV-associated dementia [64–67], and in CSF in Parkinson’s disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [68, 69]. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.