NLRP3 and infection: The differential contributions of NLRP3 to inflammasome activation by R. australis at early versus late time points are likely explained by two possibilities: 1) Inflammasomes other than NLRP3 play a major role in recognizing R. australis and the related danger signals at the late stage of infection; 2) NLRP3 inflammasome is down-regulated by other immune mechanisms such as caspase-11, autophagy, or cytokines specifically suppressive for NLRP3.