Nutraceutical (diet, probiotics), pharmaceutical (antibiotics, tempol, and fexaramine), or surgical (bariatric surgery) interventions may modify obesity and obesity‐associated metabolic phenotypes, including NAFLD/NASH, through changes in BA composition that influence signaling through FXR and likely other BA receptors.62, 81, 83, 100. This evidence concerns the gene NR1H4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.