TNF and infection: After 36 h of infection, C. jejuni had induced a slight increase in the expression of some chemokine and cytokine genes, namely those for IL-12 p40 (2.389-fold), CCL20 (1.819-fold), and IL-18 (1.682-fold), while the expression of genes for many proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ) was strongly reduced (0.06–0.67-fold).