INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: We analyzed the association of serum MANF concentration in the 1–9-year-old children with the occurrence of the five most prevalent and best characterized autoantibodies predictive of T1D, namely islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), insulin autoantibodies (IAA), and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA), islet antigen 2 (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A).