MANF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In adult longer-term T1D patients (sample taken 3.8–40.3 years from the diagnosis, n = 20), and age matched autoantibody-positive (n = 20) and autoantibody-negative (n = 20) control subjects the average (median) concentration of serum MANF was 6.5 ± 2.9 (6.3), 7.4 ± 4.2 (6.5) and 6.0 ± 2.7 (5.6) ng/ml, respectively (Table 2).