MANF serum concentrations were not related to the prevalence of autoantibodies in the patients with T1D or in the autoantibody-positive controls implying that the serum MANF concentration is not related to the autoimmune process in the patients or to the preclinical state of T1D, although compromised β-cell function is present in a subset of non-diabetic individuals with autoantibodies33. The gene discussed is MANF; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.