In addition, CypA contributes to the infection and infectivity of some pathogens, such as HIV-1, HCV, HBV, VSV, and L. major5, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, though it also suppresses the replication of rotavirus31, infectious bursal disease virus, TBSV, mouse cytomegalovirus, and influenza virus1, 26, 32, 33, 34. This evidence concerns the gene PPIA and infection.