FLCN and neoplasm: To determine the binding partners of the tumour suppressor FLCN, we transiently expressed an amino-terminally FLAG-tagged FLCN (FLAG–FLCN) in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells and identified its intracellular binding proteins by immunoprecipitating FLAG–FLCN with anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis (Fig. 1a and Supplementary Table 1).