Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases activity ratio of ERK1/2 and p38 (ERK/p38 ratio) can be used as an indicator of tumor cell dormancy and awakening: proliferative tumor cells exhibit high ERK/p38 ratio, while dormant tumor cells exhibit low ERK/p38 ratio (Sosa et al. 2011). Here, MAPK3 is linked to neoplasm.