The current findings are based on doctor‐diagnosed HF, which is likely to underestimate the true incidence of HF in this study population, although the determinants of this HF outcome in this study population (including obesity, N‐terminal of the prohormone brain natriuretic peptide, social class)28, 29, 30 generally accord with prior data and suggest that the HF outcome used was valid. This evidence concerns the gene NPPB and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.