Capillary nonperfusion especially impairs the nutrition of the neuroglial tissues in the retinal parenchyma, and the resultant hypoxia increases expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which promotes both angiogenic responses and vascular permeability3, 4, and causes ischemic maculopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and diabetic macular edema (DME). Here, VEGFA is linked to diabetic macular edema.