Later, it was also observed, using TaqMan assays, that gene expression of cytokines and chemokines, after seven days of infection with the same Leishmania species, presented a mixed pattern of response, characterized by increased expression of IFN-ɣ and IL12p40, as well as IL-4, IL-10, IL- 13, and IL-21 [18]. The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is infection.