Although the expression of NF-kB and IkBα proteins did not differ between the HCD group and LCD group, the amounts of phosphorylated NF-kB and phosphorylated IkBα increased in the HCD group compared with that in the LCD group (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively, Fig. 5). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and heavy chain disease.