Higher concentrations of estrogen may promote testosterone-induced carcinogenesis and may be responsible for more aggressive prostate tumors.25, 26 MetS is associated with the production of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, such as leptin and adiponectin, which may lead to genomic instability and a greater risk of cancer development.27In vitro, leptin stimulates the growth of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells, whereas adiponectin inhibits angiogenesis. The gene discussed is LEP; the disease is metabolic syndrome.