Future research directions/recommendations include: (1) study other racial and ethnic groups within middle and high income countries that may face a double burden of malnutrition; (2) conduct longitudinal follow up studies that contain both CRP and AGP; (3) include measurements of both CRP and AGP in survey data; (4) include specific measures of parasitic infection; (5) collect data on blood loss/menstruation in adolescent girls; and (6) use standardized laboratory methods while conducting national surveys to minimize heterogeneity and allow better comparison across countries. Here, ATP5MK is linked to parasitic infectious disease.