Indeed, our comprehensive metabolomic and gene expression analyses of the livers of hepatocyte-specific Atg7-, p62-, Nrf2-, Atg7 p62- and Atg7 Nrf2-deficient mice confirmed metabolic reprogramming mediated by the p62–Keap1–Nrf2 axis in autophagy-deficient livers (Figs 6 and 7); such reprogramming contributes to tumour development in autophagy-deficient mouse livers17, 18. Here, ATG7 is linked to neoplasm.