For instance, oncogenic activation of the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma has been reported to induce phosphorylation of the Smad3 linker domain by MAPK, further preventing C-terminal phosphorylation of the Smad by the TβRI kinase domain and inhibiting TGFβ cytostatic effects [72]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.