However, the majority of the inflammatory mediators involved in the vascular complications of diabetes, which are induced in vitro in ECs and immune cells by hyperglycemia, are the SASP-modulating and SASP-released molecules, like NF-κB, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [23, 58], suggesting that the SASP has a causal role in maintaining the chronic, systemic inflammation that is associated with diabetes. Here, VCAM1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.