TNF and malaria: Factors associated with severe malaria that may be affected by hydroxyurea in children with SCA include intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [13,14], vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) [15,16], von Willebrand factor (VWF) [17], tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [18], and nitric oxide (NO) [19].