Using a phosphorylation-independent anti-TDP-43 antibody, we have previously demonstrated that immunopositive NCIs and glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) can occur in many brain regions in ALS, and that cases can be classified into two types – type 1 and type 2–based on the distribution pattern of NCIs in the CNS and hierarchical cluster analysis of the pattern [17]. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.