More research is needed in this patient population, especially in the areas of improving rates of preconception counseling and education, ways to predict and decrease preeclampsia risk, fertility data, treatment of diabetic nephropathy in pregnancy, prevention of infants with LGA and macrosomia, insulin dosing with relation to meal times during pregnancy, medication use during lactation in women with T1DM, and how to improve breastfeeding rates. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.