Increased α4β2 ACh sensitivity, suppressed LS α4β2 expression, and increased α5α4β2 expression may contribute to ADNFLE ictogenesis by (1) altering the development of excitatory synaptic connections in the brain and/or (2) impairing the ability of presynaptic nAChR autoreceptors to properly regulate cortical ACh release. This evidence concerns the gene CHRNA4 and autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy.