LUTS severity was significantly lower with increasing blood IL-1β levels (p = 0.04), particularly among those men under BPH treatment such that adjusted AUA-SI scores were 3.70 lower at the upper vs. lower quartile of IL-1β within those men treated for BPH (Table D in S1 File: n = 45; -3.70, 95% CI (-6.61, -0.89), p<0.05). Here, IL1B is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.