JUN and neoplasm: Oncogenicity of c-Jun may be due to several mechanisms: c-Jun cooperates with Ras in tumor cell proliferation [138]; c-Jun directly represses p53 transcription to affect the anti-proliferative activity of p53 [139]; in addition, c-Jun modulates TNFα and TGFβ signaling pathways to participate in development of liver tumor [140, 141].