BCL2 and Hyperglycemia: Cawyer et al. have proven the hyperglycemia induced cytotrophoblast dysfunction and increased expression of p38 MAPK phosphorylation, PPARγ, Bcl-2-associated-X protein (Bax) and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 ratio, caspase-9, and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) [34].