CXCL1 and viral infectious disease: Hierarchical clustering identified a distinctive innate immune signature in bite sites that was dominated by neutrophil-attracting chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, and CXCL5) and the cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, which were not significantly induced by virus infection alone (Figures 2A–2C and S2).