There was significant upregulation of OPN (X2 = 25.710, p<0.001), BSP (X2 = 19.546, p<0.001), and DSPP (X2 = 8.720, p=0.003) in pAdC compared with BPHs, whereas MEPE was significantly upregulated in BPH (X2 = 44.153, p<0.001) compared with expression in pAdCs. Here, SPP1 is linked to benign prostatic hyperplasia.