In addition, we did not confirm other common T1D candidate genes such as CTLA4, VDR and SUMO4. Reasons for these discrepancies can be partly subjected to the rarity of minor alleles (such as INS-rs689) in the East Asian populations therefore studies results are more likely to be influenced by statistical stringency and other variations across study protocols. Here, SUMO4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.