Importantly, microbes have been implicated in disease progression in CTCL [22–24], and staphylococcal enterotoxins were recently shown to trigger aberrant JAK3/STAT3 signaling in malignant T cells [25] suggesting a direct link between bacterial infection/colonization and activation of this oncogenic pathway in malignant T cells. The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is primary cutaneous T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.