FTO and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: With overexpression of cGNPDA2, the mRNA level of ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), FAS (fatty acid synthase), FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated gene) and PGC1α (peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1) were up-regulated, and the mRNA level of ATGL (adipose triglyceride lipase), HL (hepatic lipase), PPARγ (proxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ), Leptin-R (leptin receptor) and PKM (pyruvate kinase muscle) were down-regulated (Fig. 6A).