However, in the current study we have shown in large but operable breast cancer, where expression of the calpain system was determined in core biopsies taken prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and in tissue from surgical resection, that high calpastatin expression and high calpain-1 is significantly associated with improved breast cancer-specific survival in patients with inflammatory cancer and that low calpastatin or high calpain-2 expression is significantly associated with improved breast cancer-specific survival in patients with non-inflammatory cancer. This evidence concerns the gene CAPN1 and breast cancer.