Compared to apoE−/−and LDL-R−/−mice, in the aorta of apoE−/−/PDE3B−/−and LDL-R−/−/PDE3B−/−mice fed standard diet (fat content 10 kcal%) and (HFD, fat content 60 kcal%) for 10 weeks, plaque formation was significantly reduced (Fig. 7), in PDE3B−/−crossbred mice, suggesting that reduced expression of PDE3B play a role in modulating the inflammatory response and PDE3B signaling might be a possible therapeutic target to moderate atherosclerosis. Here, APOE is linked to atherosclerosis.