In conclusion, this analysis further supports that the IGF system, with potentialinfluence on several cancers, may be modified through nutrition, especially carotenoids.In NHANES III, positive relationships between serum concentrations of lycopene,β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lutein/zeaxanthin to IGF-1 concentrations wereobserved, which is, however, in contrast to the expected inverse associations. The gene discussed is IGF1; the disease is cancer.