The transcriptional expression pattern of ESE-1 in response to IL-1β has been studied in numerous non-epithelial cell lines, including human chondrocytes (T/C28a2, C28/I2, and C20A4), osteoblasts (LB-12), monocytes (THP-1), gliomas (U-138 MG and U-373 MG), and endothelial cells (HUVECs), where ESE-1 was shown to be one of the few Ets factors that were specifically responsive to IL-1β-mediated activation, with typical induction pattern of peak expression between 2–6 h and dissipation by 24 h in most cell types [15–17, 34]. This evidence concerns the gene ELF3 and glioma.