CBS and colitis: Song et al. reported that black tea extract could prevent LPS-induced NF-κB signaling and attenuates DSS-induced experimental colitis [37]; Li et al. showed that Calculus Bovis Sativus (CBS) had protective effect on DSS-induced colitis and CBS significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the colon tissue [38].