PPARG and congestive heart failure: A great number of studies have shown that the activation of PPARγ is implicated in the development of undesirable adverse effects such as fluid retention, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, plasma-volume expansion, hemodilution, edema, bone fractures, and congestive heart failure, but it is also involved in the prevention of developing atherosclerosis, even though there are certainly another great number of studies which can demonstrate the opposite and also confirm that some agonists of the receptor, specifically rosiglitazone, may increase CVD risk.