CXCL9 and congenital secretory chloride diarrhea 1: CXCL12, and the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9-11, are expressed in inflamed portal tracts [15, 16], suggesting the hypothesis, that these axes contribute to monocyte recruitment specifically to the portal niche, which contains an abundance of macrophages, myofibroblasts and activated hepatic progenitor cells that are associated with CLD progression [6, 15].