TNF and infection: TLR engagement leads to nuclear factor (NF)-κB and/or interferon regulatory factor (IRF)3/7-induced production of inflammatory mediators including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IFNα/β and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, which attempt to control infection, as well as anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-10 [4, 5].