EIF2AK1 and viral infectious disease: Another example of this is that in humans, there are three other eIF2α kinases that can phosphorylate eIF2α and regulate translation: General control non-derepressible-2 (GCN2) which is activated by nutrient deprivation, heme-regulated initiation factor 2 alpha kinase (HRI) activated by heme deficiency and oxidative stress, and protein kinase interferon-inducible double stranded RNA dependent (PKR) which is activated by viral infection.