MAPK1 and cancer: ß-Dystroglycan interacts with MEK and active ERK, modulating ERK activity in response to integrin engagement on laminin (Spence et al., 2004). ß-Dystroglycan is involved in adhesion and adhesion-mediated signaling. Loss of the dystroglycan functions give rise to distinct disease phenotypes including muscular dystrophies and cancer (Mathew et al., 2013; Mitchell et al., 2013).