CASR and cancer: In summary, three lines of evidence lend support to the hypothesis that CaSR-integrin complexes may be a factor in some forms of cancer metastasis: (1) the findings outlined above and others indicating a role for β1-containing integrins in cancer metastasis to bone, (2) the considerable body of evidence demonstrating elevated CaSR expression in prostate, breast, and kidney cancers that metastasize to bone, and (3) the presence of CaSR-β1 integrin macromolecular complexes in thyroid carcinoma cells (Tharmalingam et al., 2011).