Besides, NSCs transplantation into Alzheimer's Disease model mice has demonstrated significant cognitive deficits improvement via attenuation of glial activation and pro-inflammatory TLR4 signaling pathway, indicating that neuroinflammation contributes to cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation targeted therapy can be developed to prevent or delay Alzheimer's Disease progression (Zhang et al., 2015). Here, TLR4 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.