It has been shown that alcohol-preferring (P) rats display innately heightened anxiety levels and excessive alcohol drinking behaviors, as well as lower levels of CREB and the functionally active phosphorylated form of CREB (pCREB) within the CeA and MeA when compared to non-preferring (NP) rats (Pandey et al., 1999b, 2005). The gene discussed is CREB1; the disease is Anxiety.